Looking at attribution windows helps, but it isn't enough, so incrementality tests and holdout groups become key. If users exposed to push ads convert significantly more than a similar unexposed group, that suggests true lift. Tracking click-to-conversion timing shows whether actions happen immediately after a push or follow existing browsing patterns. Cohort analysis of new versus returning users also reveals intent overlap. Logs of app sessions, notification opens, and delayed conversions act like behavioral heatmaps. These patterns together clarify whether push ads are influencing decisions or merely tagging users already on the path.